Making Laws

Laws are made by the legislative branch of the government. This is a complex process that is quite involved. In order to start investigating this process in general I would lke you to read and explore the following web site: Making Laws in the United States.

When the Congress returns after the Christmas break the Congressmen are going to meet in a confernece committee to try and resolve the differences between the the two bills, one passed by the Senate, and the other passed by the House of Representatives, and re-write the bills to match each other exactly. Then each house will vote on the confernece bill, and if the bill passes each house by simple majority, the bill will move on to President Obama for his signature or veto. This process has been going on for months with the current bill, and several others have been defeated in the past or not been acted upon by the Congress.


Does Anybody Read the Bills?


The full text of House Bill can found at this link. and the full text of the Senate Bill can be found at this link. These two bills total over 2000 pages. Is there anyway to know what is in this Bill without reading it? I do not think that there is. If you are willing to trust other readers' view point on the difference between the two bills, try this article or this fact summary difference.

A Reuters Fact Box
also outlines differences.

Trimester Exam Study Plan

The Trimester exam is upon us. It will take place on Monday, November 24, 2009. This is a great opportunity for you to demonstrate what you have learned about American Government so far this year. We are all excited!

Some pointers on preparing for the exam. I have shared answered copies of both previous tests in your Wakefield email. Study them! 50% of the trimester exam will be from the material covered on those exams. I would review the Chapter summaries in Cummings for Chapters 1-3. I would also go over the exams very carefully and make sure your understand those ideas. Some questions may appear verbatim on the Trimester exam. Make sure you have a command of the compromises of the Constitional Convention. Be familiar with the different types of power that a government exercises-inherent,exclusive,concurrent,implied and reserved powers for the free responses.

I would make sure that I had read Chapter 4 in Cummings, Civil Liberties and Citizenship, pp 91-125. I might read this twice over the weekend. 50 % of the Trimester exam will come from this reading. Know the Bill of Rights because you are a citizen and it sure will help you score well on this exam!!

The exam is 60 mulitiple choice questions which you will have 75 minutes for, and two free response questions which you will have 45 minutes for. You score will make up 25 % of the trimester grade. It is just like an AP Exam but on a smaller subset of ideas. Enjoy it

Please do not forget that your "What it means to be an American" essay is due on Tuesday night at midnight. It is worth a hundred points so it will have a significant effect on your trimester grade also. I will evaluate them and get them back to you for revision if you are interested in entering the Bill of Rights Institute contest which I hope all of you are. The contest deadline is December 1st, 2009 so our timeframe is tight. Remember, first prize is $5000 cash

Everyone in the AP class is doing well at this point. All grades are 8.0 or above going into the exam. Study this weekend and learn more about the government. Everyone shoot for a 9.0 on this exam!

Mr. Quinn leading the discussion today

Headmaster Peter Quinn will be leading the discussion today in class as Mr. Constantine and two classmembers will be away on the Journalism trip to the High School Journalism workshop in Alexandria.

One of the great documents of the American fight for independence from Great Britain is Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Rather than just be lectured to about it as so often happens in high school we are going to examine the pamphlet in some detail. Mr. Quinn will engage you in a "close reading" of the document in class today. This is a unique opportunity to examine a historical document in some depth and share in a common thread of extraordinary human thought about society and government.

You will examine several pages of it line by line and try to figure out what Paine was saying about the nature of government in general and the development of self government in particular. Americans have always, while recognizing the necessity of government, seemed to have a hatred of government and a fear of it turning into a monster that consumes human freedom.


I would expect, as Mr. Quinn will make clear, that each of you will blog about the discussion that takes place today and will read the entirety of Common Sense for Tuesday. Please also look at your classmate's blogs and leave a comment if something they write ignites a thought or two in your mind.


Homework is to finish reading the entire pamphlet and write a blog entry of reacting to Common Sense and the class discussion. Find something positive to say about the class discussion and if you are going to say something negative, by all means do so, but be prepared to support it. Does Paine make an effective argument? Does Common Sense reflect the Wakefield Virtures?

What ideas in Common Sense were extraordinary? How were those ideas different from what came before then? Some interesting passages that should be examined are as follows:

"Perhaps the sentiments contained in the following pages, are not YET sufficiently fashionable to procure them general favour; a long habit of not thinking a thing WRONG, gives it a superficial appearance of being RIGHT, and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom"

"Time makes more converts than reason"

"as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpation of either, as the good people of this country are grievously oppressed by the combination, they have an undoubted privilege to inquire into the pretensions of both, and equally to reject the usurpation of either"

"The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances hath, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all Lovers of Mankind are affected, and in the Event of which, their Affections are interested."

"And as a man who is attached to a prostitute is unfitted to choose or judge of a wife, so any prepossession in favour of a rotten constitution of government will disable us from discerning a good one.And as a man who is attached to a prostitute is unfitted to choose or judge of a wife, so any prepossession in favour of a rotten constitution of government will disable us from discerning a good one."

"MANKIND being originally equals in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance: the distinctions of rich and poor may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh ill-sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the CONSEQUENCE, but seldom or never the MEANS of riches; and tho' avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy"

"according to the scripture chronology there were no kings; the consequence of which was, there were no wars; it is the pride of kings which throws mankind into confusion."

"As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty as declared by Gideon, and the prophet Samuel, expressly disapproves of government by Kings."

"The most plausible plea which hath ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas it is the most bare-faced falsity ever imposed upon mankind. The whole history of England disowns the fact. Thirty kings and two minors have reigned in that distracted kingdom since the conquest, in which time there has been (including the revolution) no less than eight civil wars and nineteen Rebellions. Wherefore instead of making for peace, it makes against it, and destroys the very foundation it seems to stand upon."

"The contest for monarchy and succession, between the houses of York and Lancaster, laid England in a scene of blood for many years. Twelve pitched battles besides skirmishes and sieges were fought between Henry and Edward. Twice was Henry prisoner to Edward, who in his turn was prisoner to Henry. And so uncertain is the fate of war and the temper of a nation, when nothing but personal matters are the ground of a quarrel, that Henry was taken in triumph from a prison to a palace, and Edward obliged to fly from a palace to a foreign land; yet, as sudden transitions of temper are seldom lasting, Henry in his turn was driven from the throne, and Edward re-called to succeed him. The parliament always following the strongest side."

"The most plausible plea which hath ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas it is the most bare-faced falsity ever imposed upon mankind. The whole history of England disowns the fact. Thirty kings and two minors have reigned in that distracted kingdom since the conquest, in which time there has been (including the revolution) no less than eight civil wars and nineteen Rebellions. Wherefore instead of making for peace, it makes against it, and destroys the very foundation it seems to stand upon."

"Yet that we may not appear to be defective even in earthly honors, let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth placed on the divine law, the word of God; let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know, that so far as we approve as monarchy, that in America THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown at the conclusion of the ceremony be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is."

"A government of our own is our natural right: And when a man seriously reflects on the precariousness of human affairs, he will become convinced, that it is infinitely wiser and safer, to form a constitution of our own in a cool deliberate manner, while we have it in our power, than to trust such an interesting event to time and chance. If we omit it now, some, Massanello may hereafter arise, who laying hold of popular disquietudes, may collect together the desperate and discontented, and by assuming to themselves the powers of government, may sweep away the liberties of the continent like a deluge."